Market Innovation and Retail Industry

Questions: Task 1Carry out a written critique of the way in which characteristics of the chosen innovative product or service has altered over time in order to suit the changing needs of the market by taking account of the following: The benefits and value derived by the clients or customers or recipients The uniqueness of its design elements shape, colour, design, imagination, relevance andusefulness Its brand appeal in relation to competitors in contemporary markets Task 2 Write a critical reflective essay on your journey of discovery through the module, set within the context of the learning outcomes. In particular, describe how the course challenged your thinking, brought to you new and interesting ideas and concepts, or, presented approaches to the topic with which you may have disagreed. Answers: Introduction The changing expectations and needs of the customers have undergone tremendous changes over a period of time. Availability of multi-channels to shop has influenced the buying patterns of the potential customers. Smartphones has increased the chance to shop for the products through online method. Potential customers choose to gather product details from internet. Such a process saves time and enables the customers to gather maximum information about the services. Through such information it has become possible for the clients to shop from home, workplace, and even while travelling. This wasnt possible for potential customers to shop while years ago. Innovation has positively impacted the buying pattern of the customers from the retail stores. The process has also affected the sales process adopted by the retail stores to sell products to the clients (Harris, 2010). Innovation and retail industry Retail industry and the services rendered by the industry continue to change, for betterment. The digital world has enabled the stores to overpower the challenges involved with the business in an effective manner. Information, product delivery, and services providing has become fast and reliable. Such opportunities were not possible until a decade ago. Dot.com crash in the year 2000 has boosted the performance of the retail industry. There are multiple sales channels available for the users, who choose to invest in the purchase of reliable and cheap products and services. Currently the industry is boosted by dynamism and global transformation process, which enables the retailers to try innovative strategies to approach the clients. This has also increased the competition level in the industry, which has become one of the key driving forces for the retailers. Through innovation, it is possible for the retailers to develop e-commerce strategies, which enables the management to incorpor ate multi-channel approach for the developing different business models. The factors related to increasing sales and availability of the information through tablets and Smartphones has made it possible for the stores to approach maximum number of clients. Easy accessibility of the details related to the products has boosted the performance of the industry (Geyskens et al., 2002). The US retail sales for the year 2008 reached up to $3.9 trillion. This was related to the sales of the food, drugs, beverages, and departmental stores. Sales for the products also increased due to online promotion and mail order stores. Price promotions have been one of the key factors that have improved the key marketing process followed by the retailers to promote the sales for the products and services. Promotional activities has always been an integral part for the increasing the sales for the products and services. Marketings strategies includes collecting vast information and knowledge about the products and services that is being sold by the retail stores. The behaviour pattern of the buyers has changed due to the availability of various options for the clients. This has increased the level of competition that exists in the industry (Hui, Bradlow, 2012). Retail pricing method and promotion innovation plays an important role in the product development, which is one of the most important factors for increasing the sales. Innovations have simplified the process for marketing and promoting different types of products and services sold by the retail stores. The relevance of the innovation enables the management to find information in the below mentioned manner - What products to promote What group of customers to target Effective design that can be selected to increase the effectiveness for the promotional activities (Hayashi, 2012) Online promotional activities enable the company to promote the brand image for the retail stores which is one of the prime requirements for the stores. Through innovative strategies it is possible to develop and introduce customised promotional activities that would approach the individual customers from different parts of the market. With the help of the customised promotional activities it is possible for the retail stores to use different channels for promoting the services that is considered to be essential for the product promotion. Retail stores have adopted online marketing process, which is cost effective and reliable. The method enables the stores to reach out to maximum number of clients from various parts of the market, and implement the changes required for introducing the changes. The promotional activities need to be controlled as this will enable the experts to choose an effective method through which the strategies for promoting the services can be improved. Every ca mpaign is carried out with an objective, which is associated with discussing the details of the products and services and promoting the services (Fowler, 2010). Online marketing and delivery of the products has enables the store to reach out to maximum number of clients from various parts of the market. Through innovation it has been possible for the retailers analyse the needs of the customers on the real time basis. The collected facts and figures enable the management to develop new and better methods for promoting the services that is being used for approaching the clients. It is possible for the management to analyse the needs and preferences of the customers which is one of the prime essential factors to reach out to maximum number of clients (Farb, 2010). Mobile technology The success of the retail industry depends upon the technology that has been used by the retailers for promoting the services. Mobile users have been rapidly increasing, and this has made it possible for the company to introduce an effective strategy for reaching out to maximum number of clients. Consumers acquire next generation smartphones to access the necessary information about the products and services offered by different companies. Through this method, it is possible for the users to gather the required information and access the details in an effective manner. Companies choose mobile marketing, as it becomes easy to target customers on a larger scale. This is one of the prime requirements through which the required changes within the system can be introduced by the company. Through mobile marketing, the company could easily reach out to maximum number of clients and convey the positive aspects of the services that are being rendered by the stores. Mobile marketing is usually referred to be two way method or multi communication method. This process enables the management to market the products in an effective manner. Through such a process, it is possible to highlight the services that are being used by the company to promote the services to the clients. Integrated mobile marketing enables the management to adopt integrated communication method, which is one of the prime requirements for the successful business conduct. Innovation has enabled the management to interact with the clients located in different parts of the market. Through this method, it is possible to develop effective strategies through whack the product details can be shared with the clients, and product improvement strategies can be adopted. Short messages about the products and services, the price, and other factors can be easily shared with the end users (Bell et al., 2011). Benefits to the retailers Due to technology growth and development, it has become possible to adopt the best strategies related to mobile digital services. The information related to the products and services can be easily and effectively transferred between the stores and the clients, and this makes possible the retail stores through which enables the management to approach the clients and convince for the purchase of the good and services sold. Information shearing becomes possible and effective as this is one of the important factors, which improves the sales for the products and services sold by the retail stores. Technology has become an integral part of the business activities, and this helps in the market differentiation, implementing growth strategies, and increase profit (Berman, and Thelen, 2004) The strategic plan for the retail industry includes adopting different methods for increasing sales through the implementation of the technological factors. The process enables the management to create and provide targeted advertisement, which can reach out to maximum number of clients from different markets. Through this process, it is possible to provide details on the go services, which basically engages the clients or the customers. Such factors enable the management to maintain long term positive relationship with the clients. This is one of the important factors through which the sales process can be improved and increased in the industry. With the help of the technology, the retail stores attempt to develop relationship with the clients, which go beyond the physical stores. The digital innovation has been termed to a boom for the retail industries as it helps in improving the sales and promotional activities, which is essential for the business development. Customers are encou raged to participate in the discussion related to the product quality and services. This enables the management to adopt and implement new strategies through which the changes in the production activities can be implemented. The company could develop and retain positive relationship with the clients through other techno like Quick response, which is also called as the QR (Camhi, 013) Electronic price tags Digital advertising displays Personated selling assistance Smart kiosk (Johnson et al., 2008) Through such process an attempt is made by the retailer stores to develop better strategies to reach out to the clients and increase the sales activates. Uniqueness of the design elements Online and mobile communication is related to the services that are being sold by the company to the clients. The unique about the logo of the products and services, represent the brand image. This is one of the important factors through which the sales for the company can be increased. The process is considered to be quite challenging and it includes undertaking different challenging tasks through which the customers attention can be attracted towards the products and services sold by the retail stores. The design needs to be simple and effective as this would enable the company to approach the clients in an effective manner. Through this process, the strategies for implementing the changes can be analysed and corrective steps can be introduced by the management of the company or the retail stores (Hui et al., 2013). Brand appeal Building brand appeal for the company or the retail stores is one of the most important factors, through which the sales for the products and services can be improved. The process includes developing better strategies for approaching the clients. Innovative strategies enable the management to reach out to the clients and highlight the feature of the products and services sold. Through online marketing, it is posies for the management to develop an effective strategy for building brand. Through bran building it is possible for the retail stores to gain a competitive advantage over the products and services that is being sold by the company. This is one of the prime requirements through which the sales for the products and services can be improved. While brand building, the management can share maximum information about the products and services that is being sold by the retail stores. This also includes discussion the details of the services that would help the clients to choose the b etter option when it comes to investing in the purchases of the products (Jacob, K. Lunn, 2011). Brand promotion includes discussion the details of the services, the benefits associated with the same, and other important factors. This is one of the important factor through which the sales for the company can be increased tremendously. The strategies adopted by the management differ as it intends to reach out to maximum number of clients from different parts of the market. Conclusion Innovation has positively impacted the way the business activities have been carried out but e management. Companies attempt to reach out to maximum number of clients from different parts of the globe. Through this method and attempt has been made to improve the sales activities, which is one of the prime requirements for the smooth conduct of the business activities. The strategies adapted by the retail stores have to be innovative and helpful for the business management. In this process, the challenges faced while promoting the services with the traditional method needs to be adopted for improving the performance. This will help in introducing the changes that is related to the business development (Harris, 2010). Task 2: Reflection Write a critical reflective essay on your journey of discovery through the module, set within the context of the learning outcomes. In particular, describe how the course challenged your thinking, brought to you new and interesting ideas and concepts, or, presented approaches to the topic with which you may have disagreed Introduction The module covers the topic related to discovering of different marketing strategies, which would help in developing the products and services sold by the retail industries. The industry has undergone many changes that have positively impacted the sales process. Every retail stores work towards developing positive and long lasting relationship with the clients, as this would help in the business development. However it is necessary to develop and introduce effective strategies through which the challenges can be overpowered. Through this process, it is possible to develop and introduce better strategies that would help in increasing the sales for the retail stores (Casadesus etal., 2007) Challenges The biggest challenge that exits with the online marketing process is with the method that has been followed for collecting information about the products and services that is being sold by the company. With the help of the technological factors, it is possible for the retail stores to create an effective platform and apply the best process which would enable the management to collect and evaluate the important information or data related to the clients. The demand of customers has been tremendously increased. This has been due to the availability of different products that is being sold by the retail stores located at different parts of the world. Data regarding the customers can be collected and analysed from different point of sales centre. The process needs to be analysed as this would enable the members to analyse the expectations of the clients, which is one of the prime requirements for the smooth conduct of the business activities. The collected data enables the management to improve upon the services and approach maximum number of clients or customers through which the services can be improved. The customers are no longer treated as customers alone. Potential buyers create opportunities for the company to increase sales and promote the products and services that is being sold to the clients. The process includes adopting better methods for improving the customer experience, which is one of the prime requirements for the smooth conduct of the business activities (Chatterjee, 2010). Information collected from the customers enable the management to create new concepts for marketing the products and services that is being sold to the clients. Through effective advertisement is possible to develop new methods for marketing the sales for the products. In this method, the challenges related to the data collection and analysing the same, needs to be done in an effective manner. This would enable the management to develop and introduce better methods through which the sales for the company can be developed or improved. Customers through technology chat and comment about the experience they had with the product sales and improvement. Contribution of the clients helps the management to analyse the challenges and develop better methods for increasing the sales. The details about the services and products can be gained by the customers from the official website of the retail stores. This is one of the important factors through which the changes within the company can be implemented (Chatterjee, 2010). Quality of the services and the products rendered to the clients analysis is another challenge, and the retail stores are expected to develop better strategies to overpower the challenges. The marketing strategies can be adopted after analysing the requirements and preferences of the clients. in this method, the strategies adopted by the management needs to be analysed as this will help in developing better position for the stores that intends to sell the products to the clients. The challenge exists with the process followed for promoting the brand image for the company. Through this process, it is possible for the management to develop and introduce better methods for increasing the sales and visibility of the products that is being sold by the company (Chesbrough, 2010). Complexity related to the online promotion Some of the challenges related to the complexity related to online promotional activities are mentioned below Collecting data that would be useful for the conducting research on the clients expectations Analysing the challenges involved with the process of sales and bridging the gap between the clients and the management Implementing strategies through which the challenges involved with the business execution can be analysed and corrective measures can be introduced for increasing the sales. The prime motive of the companies is to increase the sales and promotional activities. For this, an effective strategy is adopted for increasing the visibility of the products and services to the clients. This is one of the important factors through which the sales for the company can be increased. The method followed by the management varies and it depends upon various factors. The online marketing strategy is a new concept and the method has enabled the company to develop new methods to reach out to the clients from different parts of the market. Through this process, it is possible to increase the sales and service the clients with the best possible options (Dukes Liu, 2010) Conclusion Marketing strategies form an important part of the business development process. Due to innovative strategies and methods, it has been possible for the retail stores to adopt better strategies to approach the clients and improve the sales of the products. In this method the stagey adopted by the management includes developing new methods through which the sales for the company can be increased. The selection of the right type of strategy is an important factor, as it helps the management to follow the correct strategies through which the value for the products and services can be approached. The purpose to include this method is to improve the visibility of the products. References Aaltio, I. Heilmann, P. 2010, Case Study as a Methodological Approach, in Encyclopedia of Case Study Research [internet]. Available at: https://knowledge.sagepub.com.zorac.aub.aau.dk/view/casestudy/n28.xm Adams, J. 2012, Mobile Wallets: Big Opportunity, Big Hurdles, American Banker [internet]. Available at: https://www.americanbanker.com/issues/177_113/mobile-payments-wallets-opportunities-hurdles- 1050089-1.htm Amit, R.H. Zott, C. 2011, Business Model Innovation: Creating Value in Times of Change, Rochester, Rochester. Ankeny, J., 2012, Forecast: NFC-enabled mobile payments to eclipse $180B by 2017, FierceMobileContent [internet]. Available at: https://www.fiercemobilecontent.com/story/forecast-nfcenabled-mobile-payments-eclipse-180b-2017/2012-07-23 [ Aruba, 2012, "Aruba Offers Smartphone- and Tablet-based POS to Support Retail Migration from Static to Mobile", Aruba News Release [internet]. Available at: https://www.arubanetworks.com/newsreleases/aruba-announces-smartphone-and-tablet-based-point-of-sale-solution-for-retailers/ Bain, 2012, Omni-channel retailing: Digital disruption and retailer opportunities. Bain [internet]. Available at: https://www.bain.com/Images/BAIN_BRIEF_Retail_holiday_newsletter_%232_2012- 2013NEW.pdf Bell, D.R., Corsten, D. Knox, G. 2011, "From Point of Purchase to Path to Purchase: How Preshopping Factors Drive Unplanned Buying", Journal of Marketing, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 31 Berman, B. Thelen, S. 2004, "A guide to developing and managing a well-integrated multi-channel retail strategy", International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 147-156 Camhi, J. 2013, "PayPal Introduces Mobile Point of Sale Solution For iPad", Bank Systems + Technology - Online [internet]. Available at: https://www.banktech.com/payments-cards/paypal-introduces-mobilepoint-of-sale-s/240150806 Casadesus-Masanell, R. Ricart, J. E. 2007, Competing Through Business Models. IESE Business School Working Paper No. 713. Chatterjee, P. 2010, "Multiple-channel and cross-channel shopping behavior: role of consumer shopping orientations", Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 9-24. Chen, L. 2008, "A model of consumer acceptance of mobile payment", International Journal of Mobile Communications, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 32-52. Chesbrough, H. 2010, "Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers", Long range planning, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 354. Cuddeford-Jones, M. 2011, "VOUCHERS: Keeping track of a customer's retail journey", Marketing Week, pp. 29-32. Dekimpe, M.G., Gielens, K., Raju, J. Thomas, J.S. 2011, "Strategic Assortment Decisions in InformationIntensive and Turbulent Environments", Journal of Retailing, vol. 87, pp. S17-S28. Dukes, A. Liu, Y. 2010, "In-Store Media and Distribution Channel Coordination", Marketing Science, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 94-107,191,193. Epsilon, 2012, How Retailers can Gain a Competitive Edge with Omnichannel Real-time Messaging Strategies, Epsilon [internet]. Available at: https://www.emarketingpapers.com/content21685 Farb, B. 2011, Smartphone Shopping Sprees on the Rise, Information Today, Medford, United States, Medford. Fowler, G.A. 2010, Retailers Reach Out on Cellphones --- Software Apps Lure Shoppers With Rewards, Coupons and Product Information, New York, N.Y., United States, New York, N.Y. Geyskens, I., Gielens, K. Dekimpe, M. G. 2002, The market valuation of internet channel additions, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 102-119. Harris, W. 2010, "Mobile Coupons Gaining Steam", Picture Business Mobile Lifestyle, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 26-26. Hayashi, F. 2012, "Mobile Payments: What's in It for Consumers?", Economic Review - Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, , pp. 35-66. Hui, S.K. Bradlow, E.T. 2012, "Bayesian multi-resolution spatial analysis with applications to marketing", Quantitative Marketing and Economics, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 419-452. Hui, S.K., Inman, J.J., Huang, Y. Suher, J. 2013, "The Effect of In-Store Travel Distance on Unplanned Spending: Applications to Mobile Promotion Strategies", Journal of Marketing, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 1 Jacob, K. Lunn, A. 2011, "Exploring the new face of retail payments", Chicago Fed Letter, no. 290, pp. 1- 4. Johnson, M.W., Christensen, C.M. Kagermann, H. 2008, Reinventing Your Business Model, Harvard Business Review, Boston, United States, Boston.

Why There Is No Peace In Israel

Introduction The book How Israel Lost analyzes four areas that have affected people of Israel and Palestine for several years. The author has divided the book into four parts. The first and the third parts discuss about Israel. The second part discusses about Palestine, and the last part wraps all the ideas together and comes up with viable solutions.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Why There Is No Peace In Israel? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the issues and questions answered by the book, there is the following: Why is there no peace in Israel? In this area, the writer gives his own views why Israel has not lived peacefully with Palestine. I found this area of discussion most interesting. This paper discusses why there is no peace between the two neighboring nations. Useful Discussions in the Book According to Cramer (2004), border crisis is the cause of unrest in Israel and Palestine. Israel attacks Palestine at bounder while Palestine attacks Israel for the sake of revenge. This has led to suffering of the Israelites and the Palestinians living in Gaza and west bank and, as a result, a long-term crisis between the two nations. According to Cramer (2004), as the Israelites attack Palestine to gain more land and resources from the land occupied by Palestinians, they become victims just like the Palestine. This means the war between the two nation will only oppress their citizens whether the Palestinians or the Israelites. According to Cramer (2004), Jews living in Israel seem to have forgotten the principles found in the state. Their goals and standard were to become the light on democracy and peace to whole world. It would be observed that this is not the case in the current Israel. The country is not at peace at all either internally or externally. They are always fighting and oppressing Palestine. This is not in line with the principle the nation was found in. Therefore, acco rding to Cramer, this is the reason why there is no peace in Israel. The soldiers after coming home from the war do not live in peace. According to Cramer (2004), there is no peace in the country. This is because the soldiers after breaking homes and killing innocent individuals at Palestine bounder do not live at peace with one another.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The young individual learn to oppress those how do not belong to their group. This has a far-reaching impact in the society since the nation will be composed of individuals who do not co-exist with one another hence there is lack of peace. This means that morality of the Israelites is affected by war against Palestine. Therefore, as long as war persists, there will be no peace in Israel. Israel’s aggression against Palestine is hurting the Israel military. According to crammer (2004), as long as Israel fights the Palestine, the military will be weakening day after day. This is because more soldiers are constantly killed and resources are used to support the war rather than being used for development purposes. Crammer argues that the war between the two nations is not helping none of them but brings more harm to their military. According to Cramer (2004), the Israelites have lost the moral standards and goals. This is because they treat Palestine more harshly. Though the Israelites have been subjected to violence for several decades, Cramer believes that the Israelites should be kind to Palestine. This is because they have suffered for more than half a century and, probably, know how it feels to be oppressed. This is not the case with the Israelites. The reason is because their moral standards have been degraded. According to Cramer, the continued lack of morality among the Israelites is the main reason why there is no peace in Israel. Cramer (2004) wonders how just and humane nation can trea t the Palestinians so harshly. This is because of demolition of homes in the west bank and Gaza. The homes belong to the Palestinians. This also led to the killing of innocent individuals together with the targeted Palestinians. Cramer wonders how the Israeli Supreme Court does not bother to assist Palestine. This shows how the democracy and justice have degraded in this nation. According to Cramer (2004), the lack of social justice and morality among the citizens is the reason why there is no peace in Israel.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Why There Is No Peace In Israel? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two nations have been in bounder crisis for so long. This has affected everybody in the two societies. Each society accuses the other for the crisis. This has made it difficult to get a long lasting solution to this crisis. In the last part of the book, Cramer tries to give solutions to these problems. He calls upon the leader of the two nations, that is Ariel Sharon, of Israel and Yasser Arafat, to come together and settle disputes peacefully. This was the only solution to bring peace in Israel but it did not happen. The two did not get long-term solutions of the bounder crisis. This has worsened insecurity at the bounder. The Jews and the Palestinians are affected alike. The more Israel oppresses the Palestinian, the more the situation worsens. The Palestinians formulate the ways of defending themselves, revenge, while the Israelites formulate ways of attacking Palestine, and occupy the areas that they believe belongs to them. During the operation, homes especially for the Palestine are destroyed. People, especially children and women, are killed. This act is condemned by Cramer (2004) since he wonders how the Israelites are treating Palestine so harshly. Cramer states that the morality among the Israelites has disappeared in the recent past. Conclusion According to Cramer (2004), the principle of Israel as a nation was to be the light unto the nations of the word. According to Cramer’s observation, Israel does not live by this principle. Basing the argument on this point, Israel will only have peace when they observe the principle forming the state. This is because without the moral standards being observed, the war against the Palestine will go on and, consequently, no peace in Israel. According to Cramer, the goals of the nation have been overlooked as the nation fights with Palestine. This shows that the nation has not settled down to serve the people. This is the major reason why even within the nation there is no peace. The book has explained how young individuals at their tender ages learn how to destroy property. This is something that does not belong to them. As well, young individuals learn to oppress the defenseless and the less fortunate in the society. This means that they do not learn what democracy is. This has propagated the degree of immorality in the nation. With such immorality, the nation cannot be at peace.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Cramer, R. (2004). How Israel lost: the four questions. New York: Simon Schuster. This report on Why There Is No Peace In Israel? was written and submitted by user Edith Martin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Find Out How To Find A Good Essay Sample

Find Out How To Find A Good Essay SampleMany students are asked if they have a good essay sample that they can use in their essays. There are many resources out there on the internet that can help students get that perfect academic experience. However, not all of these resources are the same.One of the things you want to do is to make sure your student's school is a good resource. One of the places you can look is at your student's school website. By researching the school and making sure it has the right resources, you will be able to avoid getting the wrong one. Below you will find several reasons why you should find a school online that fits the requirements you need.School websites are the first thing you want to check on before you even think about using a resource that can be found online. When you go to school you will notice there are quite a few resources they offer for students. The good news is many of these resources will also be found online, so it is always a good idea to visit them.You can also check to see what other students who used online resources that worked for them. Sometimes the resource will work really well but the best resource will be to find out if other students have used it. It may be the resource that you have not had a chance to try out yet that has worked for you.Look in your local newspaper or even your local college directories to see if there are any resources that may work for you. These resources are often geared towards freshmen or sophomores. They are different than the ones you will find online because of the type of student they are looking for.You can find some help from friends or relatives if you cannot find anything on the internet. They may have used the same resource to get an A and they know how much you want to succeed in this course. In addition, you can ask someone you know to recommend a great resource that could help you.Do not be too surprised if a student tells you they did not find the resource they need ed online. Some students simply do not know where to look. Look at your resources and make sure they work for you.

Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict Essays

Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict Essays Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict Essay Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict Essay In this paper, I will attempt to explicate and discuss some aspects of Frances Tustins concept of the unbearable ecstasy of at-one-ment emphasizing her attentiveness to the importance of the containing function of the mother with regard to this elemental experience; Meltzers notion of the aesthetic conflict; and Bions important and original distinction between reverence and awe and defensive idealization as each of these specific themes separately and in combination have some essential bearing upon the provocation or mitigation of envy, the process of introjection, the development of both healthy and pathological internal object relations, and the resultant nature of the super-ego and individual self-esteem. I hope to be able to demonstrate how these concepts overlap, intersect, and modify one another perhaps reflecting the personal and professional intersection between these three clinicians and their profound impact on my thinking. Toward this end, I will offer clinical case material, both as a background for and an illustration of the phenomena described, as well as certain conclusions, which may have some impact upon our attitude and technique in psychoanalysis. To begin with, I would like to present a clinical vignette from the analysis of a patient, whom I will call Jessica, as an introduction to and background for the theoretical discussion which follows. Jessica (Clinical Material Omitted Here) The Aesthetic Conflict I was re-minded of Jessicas experience while reading Donald Meltzers paper (Meltzer Williams, 1988) on what he terms the aesthetic conflict. In that paper, Meltzer states: It has probably escaped no-ones attention that the percentage of beautiful mothers recorded in the course of psycho-analysis far exceeds the national average and that this appellation clearly refers back to childhood impressions often completely out of keeping with later more objective judgments by the patients of their middle-aged parent (p.8-9). Here Meltzer prompts our consideration of the possibility that the view of the beautiful mother, often presented by patients in analysis, harkens back to some early proto-aesthetic experience; one that is however not without conflict. Rocked in the cradle of the deep of his mothers graceful walk; lulled by the music of her voice set against the syncopation of his own heart-beat and hers; responding in dance like a little seal, playful as a puppy. But moments of anxiety, short of fetal distress, may also transmit itself through heart-beat, rigidity, trembling, jarring movements; perhaps a coital activity may be disturbing rather than enjoyable, perhaps again dependent on the quality of maternal emotion; maternal fatigue may transmit itself by loss of postural tone and graceless movement (p.17). In this passage Meltzer indicates that the baby knows its mother inside and out as both the bad and the beautiful and is impacted on a sensual level by each of her physical, mental, and emotional qualities even before its birth. This notion reverberates with findings from current fetal observation (Mancia 1981; Piontelli 1985, 1987, 1988, 1992a, 1992b), psychoanalytic/clinical inference (Bion 1976/1987,1977a; Freud 1926; Hansen 1994; Maiello 1995; Mitrani 1996; Osterweil 1990; Paul 1981, 1989, 1990; Share 1994), and imaginative conjecture (Bion 1979). Indeed Meltzer purports that . . . every baby knows from experience that his mother has an inside world, a world where he has dwelled and from whence he has been expelled or escaped, depending on his point of view (p.21), and he goes on to posit that, after birth: The ordinary devoted mother presents to her ordinary beautiful baby a complex object of overwhelming interest, both sensual and infra-sensual. Her outward beauty . . . bombards him with an emotional experience of a passionate quality, the result of his being able to see [her] as beautiful. But the meaning of his mothers behavior, of the appearance and disappearance of the breast and of the light in her eyes, of a face over which emotions pass like the shadows of clouds over the landscape, are unknown to him (p.22). Meltzer seems to suggest here that mother is an enigma to her baby. The baby may have known her, and yet perhaps shaken by the impressive caesura of the act of birth (Freud 1926) it has suddenly become uncertain of what it knows. Is she a beauty or the beast? When Meltzer proposes that This is the aesthetic conflict, which can be most precisely stated in terms of the aesthetic impact of the outside of the beautiful mother available to the senses, and the enigmatic inside which must be construed by creative imagination (p.22, italic mine). it seems that he is implying that the babys sensory experience of the beautiful (good) mother must be confirmed by what the baby finds inside the mother, and that the babys experience of the mothers inner world her mood, her emotional and mental life, her attitudes about herself and her baby is colored by creative imagination, i.e., by its own phantasies via the process of projective identification. However further along, Meltzer appends the above conclusion, submitting that the baby must wait like Kafkas K for decisions from the castle of his mothers inner world (p.22). With this addition, it would seem he is suggesting and, I believe, is correct in doing so that it is not just the babys creative imagination that imbues the inside of the mother and the babys pre- and postnatal experience of her with meaning, since, as he so astutely observes, the baby must derive its cues from the mothers conscious and unconscious communications; that is, the baby must wait for its mother to confirm its greatest hopes or its gravest fears. To put it another way, the baby asks: how does mother view/experience herself? and it must anxiously await the answer from its mother. I believe that the babys question and the mothers answer together constitute one aspect of the type of reality testing that Melanie Klein (1975) referred to as the means by which the baby finds validation for the enduring existence of the good breast, the good internal object, and the good experience it represents. An example of this type of reality testing, and the consequences of a distorted message being received from the castle of the mothers inner world, may be seen in the following material from the four times per week analysis of another patient whom I will refer to as Carla. Carla (Clinical Material Omitted Here) Lara (Clinical Material Omitted Here) Reverence and Awe versus Idealization In a paper read at a scientific meeting of the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society in 1967, Bion (1992) described an encounter with one patient who came to him after a previous analysis from which he had benefited, but with which he was nonetheless dissatisfied. At first Bion expected to find greed at the bottom of this patients distress, but it soon became clear to him that there was something else going on. Bion described his patients outpourings, which were so fragmented that they would have required an omniscient analyst to sort out and make sense of (p.289). Bions interpretations were either labeled brilliant or they were met with extreme disappointment and hostility to the point of depression. He finally concluded that: There is a great difference between idealization of a parent because the child is in despair, and idealization because the child is in search of an outlet for feelings of reverence and awe. In the latter instance the problem centers on frustration and the inability to tolerate frustration of a fundamental part of a particular patients make-up. This is likely to happen if the patient is capable of love and admiration to an outstanding degree; in the former instance the patient may have no particular capacity for affection but a great greed to be its recipient. The answer to the question which is it ? will not be found in any textbook but only in the process of psycho-analysis itself (p.292). In his customary style, Bion avoids saturating his concepts, leaving them somewhat ambiguous, and thus allowing us the freedom to use our own capacity for imaginative conjecture to fill in the blanks, so to speak. I will yield to the temptation to do so with the understanding that the reader may draw his or her own conclusions, which may very well differ from my own. I think Bion seems to be saying that, in this instance, he had met with a patient for whom Kleins theory of envy did not apply. Indeed he seems to be making it clear that he did not see his patients disappointment and hostility as constituting an attack on the good breast or the analysts good interpretations. Neither did he seem to see the patients fragmented presentation as the result of an envious attack on thinking or on the links that might have rendered his communications meaningful and relevant (Bion 1959). Instead, Bion appears to conclude that his patient was attempting to have an experience of an object who might be able to understand and transform the inchoate experiences of the as-yet-unintegrated-baby-he and was therefore seeking the realization of his preconception of an object who can contain these experiences as well as his innate capacity for love, reverence, and awe. I would put forward here that the containing capacity, initially found and felt to be located in this type of external object when introjected leads to the development of an internal object capable of sustaining and bearing feelings of ecstasy and love; an object that might form the basis of the patients own self-esteem. This aim certainly calls for an analyst who truly thinks well enough of himself and his own goodness that he is not dependent upon the goodness and cooperativeness of the patient in order for such a positive self-perception to be confirmed, and in order for him to continue to function analytically. Discussion with Frances Tustin During one of my final conversations with Frances Tustin (1994), with whom I enjoyed a close personal and professional relationship for over a decade, we had the opportunity to discuss this distinction, which Bion makes between the manic defense of idealization and the healthy striving to be in contact with an object deserving of reverence and awe. Prior to this time, Tustin had never read nor had she been aware of the existence of this paper of Bions, which I chanced to bring to her attention in the following way. When we were together in England, just one month before her death, I knew that Frances had little time to live and I wanted to express to her in most explicit terms how much her work had affected me. I wished to do this partly out of my own need to show my gratitude toward her this one last time. However, I also felt the need to reassure her, since she seemed to be plagued by a fear that she had not contributed enough, that what she had contributed would soon be lost or forgotten, or that it would have no effect on anyone after her death. When I told Frances how profoundly she had helped and inspired me in my thinking and practice as an analyst, she demurred, as if she felt I was in danger of idealizing her. She said that I gave her much too much credit for [my] good work and hard-won success, and she heaped upon me many other compliments that, although sincere, left me feeling somewhat rejected. Suddenly I felt a headache coming on, and my good spirits faded. When Frances noticed my mood had changed, she asked what the trouble was. I was quite candid with her about what I had felt and about what had followed, and said that I hoped she would be more mindful of the way she handled peoples gratitude for and admiration of her. After recounting my experience and those of the patients discussed in this paper, we talked over how she herself had stressed the idea that the ecstasy of at-one-ment (Tustin 1981) could only be borne if it were adequately contained by the mother herself (p.224-6). In the most primitive states of mind, beauty is associated with moments of bodily completeness in which there is an experience of ecstatic fusion with the earth-mother (Tustin, 1981/1992). If left uncontained, such ecstasy might be experienced as a dangerous overflow of bodily excitement equated with a devastating sense of two-ness (p.106), too much to be borne in mind, perhaps disintegrating into a painful if not unbearable somatic agony. When the beautiful experience of at-one-ment is unable to be kept in mind, not only does it leak out and dissolve in its antithesis the ugly tantrum of two-ness but the baby is now doomed to an eternal despairing search for that ever-present auto-sensual bit needed to flesh out its exp erience of being. We went on to talk at length about the relationship of the experience of ecstasy to that of the beautiful mother refered to both by Meltzer (1988) and by Winnicott (1945), as well as about Bions ideas regarding reverence and awe. We both knew that I was having difficulty facing the impending loss of her friendship and support, and that I was chafing at the prospect of her death. However it seemed to us in that moment that even more salient was my need to secure in our last contact her aid in containing all of my love and gratitude for her. Some Conclusions In part, as a result of that last conversation with Tustin, I have arrived at the conclusion that the resolution of what Meltzer called the aesthetic conflict might be predicated, at least in part, upon the capacity of the mother to contain the babys reverence and awe of her, along with her own capacity for tolerating her babys hatred, envy, and terror of loss. This may prove clinically crucial when we consider the process of internalization or introjection by the patient of the analyst and his/her functioning which is essential to insure a successful treatment. It might be said that the apprehension of beauty (Meltzer 1988) is linked to the existence at the core of the inner sphere of the personality of a container, not just for our painful experiences, but for those joyful ones as well; a containing object with the capacity to endure not just our feelings of hatred toward the object (and therefore toward the self), but one that is enduring of and resonating with those loving feelings felt toward the perceived external object, one in which the capacity for realistic self-love and esteem are rooted. As Kahlil Gibran wisely wrote in The Prophet : And a poet said, Speak to us of Beauty. And he answered: Where shall you seek beauty, and how shall you find her unless she herself be your way and your guide? And how shall you speak of her except she be the weaver of your speech? (1923/1976, p. 74) It must not escape our awareness that our capacity to love and therefore to forgive ourselves depends largely upon the way in which our loving feelings have been dealt with, accepted, and validated by an other. It seems when all is said and done that we are limited in part in our capacity for self-esteem by the limitations of our parents capacity (and later our analysts) to contain and therefore confirm our feelings of reverence and awe. I believe that herein lie several technical implications of enormous import. For example, we must consider that if we interpret the patients genuine reverence and awe of us (when we are felt as truly good objects) as a defensive idealization (as if we were instead being experienced as bad objects) perhaps out of some rigidly inappropriate adherence to our theories we will fail in our function as a container (Bion, 1977b) for experiences of true goodness, and consequently this essential internal function will fail to develop in the patient. Instead, the Super ego (Bion 1962, p.97) will be augmented and its devastating effects intensified, where forgiveness and the striving for life might otherwise healthfully prevail. Additionally, the development of an enduring faith in the existence of goodness and beauty, with increasing hope for their apprehension, will be stultified. When hopefulness perishes, nagging doubts about the goodness of the object and therefore about the worthiness of the self perpetuate in spite of repeated proofs of such goodness and worthiness. Moreover, increased envy and defensive idealization will proliferate hyperbolically (Mitrani 1993). As analysts we need to realize that the degree of our awareness of our strengths and limitations, and the extent of our willingness and ability to consider, to accurately evaluate, and to acknowledge to ourselves the impact of the messages we send to the baby-in-the-analysand from the castle of our inner world are crucial factors in providing an emotional experience for the patient that serves to mend old wounds and facilitate new growth.

How to Perform a Dissertation Literature Review

How to Perform a Dissertation Literature Review The In-Depth Guide of a Dissertation Literature Review When you have such a complex academic assignment as a dissertation literature review, first make sure you are ready to follow all the instructions and guides to prepare a perfect dissertation paper. A literature review provides a critical examination of all the sources used, which are related to your dissertation topic. In order to provide a proper dissertation paper, there should be an impressive list of sources and their detailed description. There are numerous definitions of a literature review and the ways in which it is supposed to be written. At the same time, a proper literature review is a kind of detailed summary of the used important sources. A literature review requires an explanation of the sources, their importance for a research project and the way a writer interpret the information gathered in listed sources. Since a literature review is more than just a simple summary, it reveals the main arguments found in the mentioned sources and the expectations about the used materials. A writer can use information collected in mentioned sources to provide a new perspective on a classic research paper or use its old interpretations. A literature review brings needed information and opinions related to the materials and their importance for a certain research project. A literature review is an attempt to summarize and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments found in the analyzed sources. There are many differences between an academic paper and a literature review since a review is just a part of an object of a research paper. The literature review in a research paper remains a basis of the entire research since offers primary materials and data needed for further analyses. In a literature review, you summarize and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments found in the checked sources. The Importance of a Literature Review A literature review is an attempt to summarize and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments found in the analyzed sources. A literature review brings needed information and opinions related to the materials and their importance for a certain research project. It is an essential part of every dissertation paper and its basis, in fact. A writer can use information collected in sources to provide a new perspective on a classic research paper or use its old interpretations. It helps to make the entire research really purposeful and aimed at proving or ruining an existed theories in a certain field of science. How to Perform a Dissertation Literature Review If you want to prepare a proper dissertation literature review, it is important to deal first with the definition of a literature review and its main characteristics. Further, you must identify your sources, read them carefully, and re-read in order to get all the needed arguments and information. You also need to analyze all the gathered materials, distinguish what results they reveal, and what results are missing. After such a brainstorming stage, you can start performing your dissertation literature review. Identify Sources This is the exact stage where you select proper sources to use in your dissertation paper. This is a very important part of your work, thus be careful to choose only those sources, which are reliable and related to your chosen dissertation’s topic. List parameters and characteristics of the needed materials to select sources properly. Moreover, you need to take into account the required methodology and type of studies, whether quantitative or qualitative. A literature review provides a critical examination of all the sources used, which are related to your dissertation topic. In order to provide a proper dissertation paper, there should be an impressive list of sources and their detailed description. When you first deal with your sources, do not forget to organize them properly according to the assigned formatting style. It will greatly save you a time needed further for a paper performing process. You can use advanced modern tools and applications to organize your sources properly. Read Your Sources Once organizing your sources properly and dealing with formatting style, it is time to read and re-read all the sources in order to find the needed important data and research results. It is important to get the main point of the materials and the main arguments. You need to show your critical thinking since a literature review is a critical analysis of sources. Reveal your academic opinion, main hypothesis, arguments, etc. Analyze Sources and Consider Gaps in the Research One of the main processes within a literature review preparation is the identification of the research gaps. You need to learn carefully all the gathered material, distinguish what results they reveal, and what results are missed. After such a brainstorming stage, you can start performing your dissertation literature review. You can look through sources checking what possible missed gaps you can fulfill with your personal research project results. Therefore, identification of the research gaps is important for your dissertation paper performing and its top goals and research approaches. Surely, it can be difficult to identify research gaps, but it is crucial for a proper research questions formulation. Therefore, there are a few ways to identify research gaps:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Start by reading. This is the simplest approach, which allows checking all the materials carefully and listing the main achieved results and research gaps. You can use advanced online tools like Google Scholars to have a quick look and check the analyzed sources fast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recommendations and abstracts. Reading an abstract helps to get the main sense of the provided material and distinguish the lacking parts and arguments. The quick examination of the sources can be very beneficial for finding the research gaps. The introduction and conclusions’ paragraphs can be as much informative as an abstract. Performing a Literature Review You can start writing a review once dealing with the identification of the gaps and the main research questions planning. Follow the next pointers to prepare a review: Use samples of literature reviews. You can use various samples of the dissertation literature reviews to deal with this essential part of the paper. Use simple and clear language. You need to keep everything simple in order to write a perfect literature review. There is no need for excessive information, just put clear and concise explanations and descriptions. Use only current sources. When preparing literature reviews, make sure to deal with reliable and current sources since you demonstrate a modern point of view. The current sources bring additional information and explanations, thus using them is crucial for an entire research project. Organize your work properly. When you first deal with your sources, do not forget to organize them properly according to the assigned formatting style. If will greatly save you a time needed further for a paper performing process if you start a paper’s formatting from the very first written sentences. You can use advanced modern tools and applications to organize your sources properly. When organizing a literature review, focus on the proper structure of a dissertation literature review and its core elements, like body paragraphs and conclusions. The literature review consists of the main elements of every academic paper, including introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusions. When performing a review, make sure to provide a strong introduction. Additionally, make it short and focused. Provide the informative paragraphs of the body. A literature review provides a critical examination of all the sources used, which are related to your dissertation topic. In order to provide a proper dissertation paper, there should be an impressive list of sources and their detailed description. When preparing paragraphs of the body, put an in-depth discussion into the body paragraphs. Choose how to organize your body part elements properly according to the theme, methodology, or even to chronological order. Write practical conclusions. To provide a proper dissertation paper’s conclusions, learn carefully the provided list of sources and their detailed description. Organize them properly according to the assigned formatting style. When writing the final words of your dissertation literature reviews, make sure to include a summary of the literature implications, and link them to your arguments. A literature review is a short summary of the literature sources used, which requires an explanation of the sources, their importance for a research project and the way the writers interpret the information gathered in listed sources. Since a literature review is more than just a simple summary, it reveals the main arguments found in the mentioned sources and the expectations about the used materials. A literature review brings needed information and opinions related to the materials and their importance for a certain research project. Moreover, a literature review is an attempt to summarize and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments found in the analyzed sources. Use the following tips and guides on writing a perfect dissertation literature review:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide gathered information about the writer’s opinion and never simply describe them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use various techniques to structure the body of your literature review.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use strong argumentation and evidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be quite selective when checking sources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do not use too many direct quotes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide your own opinion and an objective point of view.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Check a review a few times before submitting to deliver flawless and original work.

IT163 BD Unit 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT163 BD Unit 2 - Research Paper Example The objectives and needs of the enterprise must be considered when making decision on what to use in a distributed relational database. How the application program is going to be coded, where it resides in regard to the data and the network design that merges or connects the application program are all very important design considerations. Database design in a distributed relational database is more complex than when dealing with the I series relational database. It is important to understand the purpose of the business or the organization for which the database is to belong and the relational database technology. Operations that necessitate particular attentions when forming your strategy include general operations, networking protocols, system security, accounting, problem analysis and backup and recovery processes involved. Of great importance is to avoid replica of rows of the same data available in a database. This is referred to as data redundancy. Data redundancy gives problems to IT departments responsible for database management. Redundancy can be avoided by the use of keys in tables. For example, in the database of an organization for accessing and storing employees’ data, then for each employee we have a defined primary key condition for employee number. If an attempt is made to enter a second row of the same data for the employee the system should

Army Infantry Career Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Army Infantry Career - Essay Example Apart from the mere academic achievements, the leadership qualities count a lot in the infantry. The types of students required by the Army are those who are good athletes as well, with potentiality to shape into good leaders. If you decide not to serve beyond the agreed 5 years, there is lot of demand, scope and respect for the ex-Commissioned Officers. You are assured of senior positions in business, especially on the technical and security areas, and thereafter you will have no problems about supporting the family. Infantry Officers and men wear Army uniform according to the environment of their operation. The training is an all-environment training, such as mountain, desert, tropical and temperate. They are well trained to live off the land when then occasion arises. The training is intensive as well as extensive. That includes developing an ordinary individual into a tough Ranger/Officer in which they are trained to navigate, conduct clandestine combat missions in deserts, mountains, swamps and temperate terrains. You rise to different ranks that are part of the military hierarchy. Recruitment at the entry level, Ranger is through US Military Recruiters. They are fully conscious of their duties and obligations, dedicated to the basic values of their service; they are a hardworking lot and tough professionals. The job of the recruiter is to find and provide qualified volunteers for a particular branch or service. This is, and has to be straightforward because it is concerned with the most important aspect relating to the existence of the Nation, its security! Let us say, for the recruiter it is his business as well. Any business man wants his business to prosper. It is a number game also. When the pressure from the superior authorities is intense to get a fixed number of volunteers, and when sufficient eligible candidates are not forthcoming, the Recruiter then tries other alternatives. They plan